/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */

/*

 * Copyright (c) 2007, 2008 University of Washington

 *

 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as

 * published by the Free Software Foundation;

 *

 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

 * GNU General Public License for more details.

 *

 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

 */

#ifndef POINT_TO_POINT_NET_DEVICE_H

#define POINT_TO_POINT_NET_DEVICE_H

#include <string.h>

#include "ns3/address.h"

#include "ns3/node.h"

#include "ns3/net-device.h"

#include "ns3/callback.h"

#include "ns3/packet.h"

#include "ns3/traced-callback.h"

#include "ns3/nstime.h"

#include "ns3/data-rate.h"

#include "ns3/ptr.h"

#include "ns3/mac48-address.h"

namespace ns3 {

class Queue;

class PointToPointChannel;

class ErrorModel;

/**

 * \class PointToPointNetDevice

 * \brief A Device for a Point to Point Network Link.

 *

 * This PointToPointNetDevice class specializes the NetDevice abstract

 * base class.  Together with a PointToPointChannel (and a peer 

 * PointToPointNetDevice), the class models, with some level of 

 * abstraction, a generic point-to-point or serial link.  

 * Key parameters or objects that can be specified for this device 

 * include a queue, data rate, and interframe transmission gap (the 

 * propagation delay is set in the PointToPointChannel).

 */

class PointToPointNetDevice : public NetDevice 

{

public:

  static TypeId GetTypeId (void);

  /**

   * Construct a PointToPointNetDevice

   *

   * This is the constructor for the PointToPointNetDevice.  It takes as a

   * parameter a pointer to the Node to which this device is connected, 

   * as well as an optional DataRate object.

   */

  PointToPointNetDevice ();

  /**

   * Destroy a PointToPointNetDevice

   *

   * This is the destructor for the PointToPointNetDevice.

   */

  virtual ~PointToPointNetDevice ();

  /**

   * Set the Data Rate used for transmission of packets.  The data rate is

   * set in the Attach () method from the corresponding field in the channel

   * to which the device is attached.  It can be overridden using this method.

   *

   * @see Attach ()

   * @param bps the data rate at which this object operates

   */

  void SetDataRate (DataRate bps);

  /**

   * Set the inteframe gap used to separate packets.  The interframe gap

   * defines the minimum space required between packets sent by this device.

   *

   * @param t the interframe gap time

   */

  void SetInterframeGap (Time t);

  /**

   * Attach the device to a channel.

   *

   * @param ch Ptr to the channel to which this object is being attached.

   */

  bool Attach (Ptr<PointToPointChannel> ch);

  /**

   * Attach a queue to the PointToPointNetDevice.

   *

   * The PointToPointNetDevice "owns" a queue that implements a queueing 

   * method such as DropTail or RED.  

   *

   * @see Queue

   * @see DropTailQueue

   * @param queue Ptr to the new queue.

   */

  void SetQueue (Ptr<Queue> queue);

  /**

   * Attach a receive ErrorModel to the PointToPointNetDevice.

   *

   * The PointToPointNetDevice may optionally include an ErrorModel in

   * the packet receive chain.

   *

   * @see ErrorModel

   * @param em Ptr to the ErrorModel.

   */

  void SetReceiveErrorModel(Ptr<ErrorModel> em);

  /**

   * Receive a packet from a connected PointToPointChannel.

   *

   * The PointToPointNetDevice receives packets from its connected channel

   * and forwards them up the protocol stack.  This is the public method

   * used by the channel to indicate that the last bit of a packet has 

   * arrived at the device.

   *

   * @see PointToPointChannel

   * @param p Ptr to the received packet.

   */

  void Receive (Ptr<Packet> p);

  /**

   * Set The max frame size of packets sent over this device.

   *

   * Okay, that was easy to say, but the details are a bit thorny.  We have a MAC-level MTU that is the payload that higher 

   * level protocols see.  We have a PHY-level MTU which is the maximum number of bytes we can send over the link 

   * (cf. 1500 bytes for Ethernet).  We also have a frame size which is some total number of bytes in a packet which could

   * or could not include any framing and overhead.  There can be a lot of inconsistency in definitions of these terms.  For

   * example, RFC 1042 asserts that the terms maximum transmission unit and maximum packet size are equivalent.  RFC 791, 

   * however, defines MTU as the maximum sized IP datagram that can be sent.  Packet size and frame size are sometimes

   * used interchangeably.

   *

   * So, some careful definitions are in order to avoid confusion:

   *

   * In real serial channel (HDLC, for example), the wire idles (sends all ones) until the channel begins sending a packet.

   * A frame on the wire starts with a flag character (01111110).  This is followed by what is usually called the packet: 

   * address, control, payload, and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS).  This is followed by another flag character.  If the flag

   * characters are used, then bit stuffing must be used to prevent flag characters from appearing in the packet and confusing

   * the link.  Som to be strictly and pedantically correct the frame size is then necessarily larger than the packet size on 

   * a real link.  But, this isn't a real link, it's a simulation of a device similar to a point-to-point device, and we have

   * no good reason to add framing bits and therefore to do bit-stuffing.  So, in the case of the point-to-point device, the 

   * frame size is equal to the packet size.  Since these two values are defined to be equal, there is no danger in assuming

   * they are identical.  We define packet size to be equal to frame size and this excludes the flag characters.  We define a 

   * single (MAC-level) MTU that coresponds to the payload size of the packet, which is the IP-centric view of the term as

   * seen in RFC 791.

   *

   * To make this concrete, consider PPP framing on a synchronous link.  In this framing scheme, a real serial frame on the 

   * wire starts with a flag character, address and control characters, then a 16-bit PPP protocol ID (0x21 = IP).  Then we 

   * would see the actual payload we are supposed to send, presumably an IP datagram.  At then we see the FCS and finally 

   * another flag character to end the frame.  We ignore the flag bits on this device since it they are not needed.  We 

   * aren't really using HDLC to send frames across the link, so we don't need the address and control bits either.  In fact,

   * to encapsulate using unframed PPP all we need to do is prepend the two-byte protocol ID.

   *

   * Typically the limiting factor in frame size is due to hardware limitations in the underlying HDLC controller receive 

   * FIFO buffer size.  This number can vary widely.  For example, the Motorola MC92460 has a 64 KByte maximum frame size; 

   * the Intel IXP4XX series has a 16 KByte size.  Older USARTs have a maximum frame size around 2KBytes, and typical PPP

   * links on the Internet have their MTU set to 1500 bytes since this is what will typically be used on Ethernet segments

   * and will avoid path MTU issues.  We choose to make the default MTU 1500 bytes which then fixes the maximum frame size

   * as described below.

   *

   * So, there are really two related variables at work here.  There is the maximum frame size that can be sent over the

   * link and there is the MTU.

   *

   * So, what do we do since these values must always be consistent in the driver?  We want to actually allow a user to change 

   * these variables, but we want the results (even at intermediate stages of her ultimate change) to be consistent.  We 

   * certainly don't want to require that users must understand the details of PPP encapsulation in order to set these 

   * variables.

   *

   * Consider the following situation:  A user wants to set the maximum frame size to 16 KBytes.  This user shouldn't have to

   * concern herself that the PPP encapsulation will consume six bytes.  She should not have to figure out that the MTU needs

   * to be set to 16K - 2 bytes to make things consistent.

   *

   * Similarly, a user who is interested in setting the MTU to 1500 bytes should not be forced to understand that the frame 

   * size will need to be set to 1502 bytes. 

   *

   * We could play games trying to figure out what the user wants to do, but that is typically a bad plan and programmers

   * have a long and distinguished history of guessing wrong.  We'll avoid all of that and just define a flexible behavior

   * that can be worked to get what you want.  Here it is:

   *

   * - If the user is changing the MTU, she is interested in getting that part of the system set, so the frame size

   * will be changed to make it consistent;

   *

   * - If the user is changing the frame size, he is interested in getting that part of the system set, so the MTU

   * will be changed to make it consistent;

   *

   * - You cannot define the MTU and frame size separately -- they are always tied together by the overhead of the PPP 

   * encapsulation.  This is not a restriction.  Consider what this means.  Perhaps you want to set the frame size to some 

   * large number and the MTU to some small number.  The largest packet you can send is going to be limited by the MTU, so it

   * is not possible to send a frame larger than the MTU plus overhead.  Having the ability to set a  larger frame size is not

   * useful.

   * 

   * So, if a user calls SetFrameSize, we assume that the maximum frame size is the interesting thing for that user and

   * we just adjust the MTU to a new "correct value" based on the current encapsulation mode.  If a user calls SetMtu, we 

   * assume that the MTU is the interesting property for that user, and we adjust the frame size to a new "correct value" 

   * for the current encapsulation mode.  If a user calls SetEncapsulationMode, then we take the MTU as the free variable 

   * and set its value to match the current frame size.

   *

   * \param frameSize The max frame size of packets sent over this device.

   */

  void SetFrameSize (uint16_t frameSize);

  /**

   * Get The max frame size of packets sent over this device.

   *

   * \returns The max frame size of packets sent over this device.

   */

  uint16_t GetFrameSize (void) const;

  virtual void SetIfIndex(const uint32_t index);

  virtual uint32_t GetIfIndex(void) const;

  virtual Ptr<Channel> GetChannel (void) const;

  virtual void SetAddress (Address address);

  virtual Address GetAddress (void) const;

  virtual bool SetMtu (const uint16_t mtu);

  virtual uint16_t GetMtu (void) const;

  virtual bool IsLinkUp (void) const;

  virtual void AddLinkChangeCallback (Callback<void> callback);

  virtual bool IsBroadcast (void) const;

  virtual Address GetBroadcast (void) const;

  virtual bool IsMulticast (void) const;

  virtual Address GetMulticast (Ipv4Address multicastGroup) const;

  virtual bool IsPointToPoint (void) const;

  virtual bool IsBridge (void) const;

  virtual bool Send(Ptr<Packet> packet, const Address &dest, uint16_t protocolNumber);

  virtual bool SendFrom(Ptr<Packet> packet, const Address& source, const Address& dest, uint16_t protocolNumber);

  virtual Ptr<Node> GetNode (void) const;

  virtual void SetNode (Ptr<Node> node);

  virtual bool NeedsArp (void) const;

  virtual void SetReceiveCallback (NetDevice::ReceiveCallback cb);

  virtual Address GetMulticast (Ipv6Address addr) const;

  virtual void SetPromiscReceiveCallback (PromiscReceiveCallback cb);

  virtual bool SupportsSendFrom (void) const;

private:

  virtual void DoDispose (void);

  /**

   * Get a copy of the attached Queue.

   *

   * This method is provided for any derived class that may need to get

   * direct access to the underlying queue.

   *

   * @returns Ptr to the queue.

   */

  Ptr<Queue> GetQueue(void) const; 

private:

  /**

   * Calculate the value for the MTU that would result from 

   * setting the frame size to the given value.

   * \param frameSize size of frame

   */

  uint32_t MtuFromFrameSize (uint32_t frameSize);

  /**

   * Calculate the value for the frame size that would be required

   * to be able to set the MTU to the given value.

   * \param mtu MTU

   */

  uint32_t FrameSizeFromMtu (uint32_t mtu);

  /**

   * \returns the address of the remote device connected to this device

   * through the point to point channel.

   */

  Address GetRemote (void) const;

  /**

   * Adds the necessary headers and trailers to a packet of data in order to

   * respect the protocol implemented by the agent.

   * \param p packet

   * \param protocolNumber protocol number

   */

  void AddHeader(Ptr<Packet> p, uint16_t protocolNumber);

  /**

   * Removes, from a packet of data, all headers and trailers that

   * relate to the protocol implemented by the agent

   * \param p Packet whose headers need to be processed

   * \param param An integer parameter that can be set by the function

   * \return Returns true if the packet should be forwarded up the

   * protocol stack.

   */

  bool ProcessHeader(Ptr<Packet> p, uint16_t& param);

  /**

   * Start Sending a Packet Down the Wire.

   *

   * The TransmitStart method is the method that is used internally in the

   * PointToPointNetDevice to begin the process of sending a packet out on

   * the channel.  The corresponding method is called on the channel to let

   * it know that the physical device this class represents has virually

   * started sending signals.  An event is scheduled for the time at which

   * the bits have been completely transmitted.

   *

   * @see PointToPointChannel::TransmitStart ()

   * @see TransmitCompleteEvent ()

   * @param p a reference to the packet to send

   * @returns true if success, false on failure

   */

  bool TransmitStart (Ptr<Packet> p);

  /**

   * Stop Sending a Packet Down the Wire and Begin the Interframe Gap.

   *

   * The TransmitComplete method is used internally to finish the process

   * of sending a packet out on the channel.

   */

  void TransmitComplete(void);

  void NotifyLinkUp (void);

  /**

   * Enumeration of the states of the transmit machine of the net device.

   */

  enum TxMachineState

    {

      READY, /**< The transmitter is ready to begin transmission of a packet */

      BUSY   /**< The transmitter is busy transmitting a packet */

    };

  /**

   * The state of the Net Device transmit state machine.

   * @see TxMachineState

   */

  TxMachineState m_txMachineState;

  /**

   * The data rate that the Net Device uses to simulate packet transmission

   * timing.

   * @see class DataRate

   */

  DataRate       m_bps;

  /**

   * The interframe gap that the Net Device uses to throttle packet

   * transmission

   * @see class Time

   */

  Time           m_tInterframeGap;

  /**

   * The PointToPointChannel to which this PointToPointNetDevice has been

   * attached.

   * @see class PointToPointChannel

   */

  Ptr<PointToPointChannel> m_channel;

  /**

   * The Queue which this PointToPointNetDevice uses as a packet source.

   * Management of this Queue has been delegated to the PointToPointNetDevice

   * and it has the responsibility for deletion.

   * @see class Queue

   * @see class DropTailQueue

   */

  Ptr<Queue> m_queue;

  /**

   * Error model for receive packet events

   */

  Ptr<ErrorModel> m_receiveErrorModel;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when packets come into the "top" of the device

   * at the L3/L2 transition, before being queued for transmission.

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_macTxTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when packets coming into the "top" of the device

   * at the L3/L2 transition are dropped before being queued for transmission.

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_macTxDropTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired for packets successfully received by the device

   * immediately before being forwarded up to higher layers (at the L2/L3 

   * transition).  This is a promiscuous trace (which doesn't mean a lot here

   * in the point-to-point device).

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_macPromiscRxTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired for packets successfully received by the device

   * immediately before being forwarded up to higher layers (at the L2/L3 

   * transition).  This is a non-promiscuous trace (which doesn't mean a lot 

   * here in the point-to-point device).

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_macRxTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired for packets successfully received by the device

   * but are dropped before being forwarded up to higher layers (at the L2/L3 

   * transition).

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_macRxDropTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when a packet begins the transmission process on

   * the medium.

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_phyTxBeginTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when a packet ends the transmission process on

   * the medium.  

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_phyTxEndTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when the phy layer drops a packet before it tries

   * to transmit it.

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_phyTxDropTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when a packet begins the reception process from

   * the medium -- when the simulated first bit(s) arrive.

   *

   * \see class CallBackTraceSource

   */

  TracedCallback<Ptr<const Packet> > m_phyRxBeginTrace;

  /**

   * The trace source fired when a packet ends the reception process from