--- a/src/lte/doc/Makefile Fri Jul 06 13:08:22 2012 +0200
+++ b/src/lte/doc/Makefile Wed Jul 11 13:01:37 2012 +0200
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
$(FIGURES)/lte-enb-architecture.dia \
$(FIGURES)/lte-epc-e2e-data-protocol-stack.dia \
$(FIGURES)/lte-interference-test-scenario.dia \
- $(FIGURES)/lte-ue-architecture.dia
+ $(FIGURES)/lte-ue-architecture.dia \
+ $(FIGURES)/lte-subframe-structure.dia
# specify eps figures from which .png and .pdf figures need to be built
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@
$(FIGURES)/lte-rlc-data-retx-ul.pdf_width = 10cm
$(FIGURES)/lte-phy-interference.pdf_width = 12cm
$(FIGURES)/auvmobility-classes.pdf_width = 10cm
+$(FIGURES)/lte-subframe-structure.pdf_width = 2in
IMAGES_SEQDIAG = \
Binary file src/lte/doc/source/figures/lte-phy-interference.pdf has changed
Binary file src/lte/doc/source/figures/lte-phy-interference.png has changed
Binary file src/lte/doc/source/figures/lte-subframe-structure.dia has changed
--- a/src/lte/doc/source/lte-design.rst Fri Jul 06 13:08:22 2012 +0200
+++ b/src/lte/doc/source/lte-design.rst Wed Jul 11 13:01:37 2012 +0200
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
.. figure:: figures/epc-data-flow-dl.*
:align: center
- Data flow in the dowlink between the internet and the UE
+ Data flow in the downlink between the internet and the UE
To begin with, we consider the case of the downlink, which is depicted
in Figure :ref:`fig-epc-data-flow-dl`.
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
For certain bandwidth
values not all the RBs are usable, since the
group size is not a common divisor of the group. This is for instance the case
-when the bandwith is equal to 25 RBs, which results in a RBG size of 2 RBs, and
+when the bandwidth is equal to 25 RBs, which results in a RBG size of 2 RBs, and
therefore 1 RB will result not addressable.
In uplink the format of the DCIs is different, since only adjacent RBs
can be used because of the SC-FDMA modulation. As a consequence, all
@@ -1094,6 +1094,41 @@
the one described in [Piro2011]_, with the following modifications. The model now includes the
inter cell intereference calculation and the simulation of uplink traffic, including both packet transmission and CQI generation.
+.. only:: latex
+
+ .. raw:: latex
+
+ \clearpage
+
+Subframe Structure
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The subframe is divided into control and data part as described in Figure :ref:`fig-lte-subframe-structure`.
+
+.. _fig-lte-subframe-structure:
+
+.. figure:: figures/lte-subframe-structure.*
+ :width: 50px
+
+ Lte subframe division.
+
+
+Considering the granularity of the simulator based on RB, the control and the reference signaling have to be consequently modeled considering this constraint. According to the standard [TS36.211]_, the downlink control frame starts at the beginning of each subframe and lasts up to three symbols across the whole system bandwidth, where the actual duration is provided by the Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH). The information on the allocation are then mapped in the remaining resource up to the duration defined by the PCFICH, in the so called Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). A PDCCH transports a single message called Downlink Control Information (DCI) coming from the MAC layer, where the scheduler indicates the resource allocation for a specific user.
+The PCFICH and PDCCH are modeled with the transmission of the control frame of a fixed duration of 3/14 of milliseconds spanning in the whole available bandwidth, since the scheduler does not estimate the size of the control region. This implies that a single transmission block models the entire control frame with a fixed power (i.e., the one used for the PDSCH) across all the available RBs. According to this feature, this transmission represents also a valuable support for the Reference Signal (RS). This allows of having every TTI an evaluation of the interference scenario since all the eNB are transmitting (simultaneously) the control frame over the respective available bandwidths. We note that, the model does not include the power boosting since it does not reflect any improvement in the implemented model of the channel estimation.
+
+
+The Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) is modeled similar to the downlink control frame. The SRS is periodically placed in the last symbol of the subframe in the whole system bandwidth. The RRC module already includes an algorithm for dynamically assigning the periodicity as function of the actual number of UEs attached to a eNB according to the UE-specific procedure (see Section 8.2 of [TS36.213]_).
+
+
+.. only:: latex
+
+ .. raw:: latex
+
+ \clearpage
+
+
+
+
MAC to Channel delay
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -1148,10 +1183,10 @@
-PHY Error Model
----------------
+Data PHY Error Model
+--------------------
-The simulator includes an error model of the data plane (i.e., PDSCH) according to the standard link-to-system mapping (LSM) techniques. The choice is aligned with the standard system simulation methodology of OFDMA radio transmission technology. Thanks to LSM we are able to maintain a good level of accuracy and at the same time limiting the computational complexity increase. It is based on the mapping of single link layer performance obtained by means of link level simulators to system (in our case network) simulators. In particular link the layer simulator is used for generating the performance of a single link from a PHY layer perspective, usually in terms of code block error rate (BLER), under specific static conditions. LSM allows the usage of these parameters in more complex scenarios, typical of system/network simulators, where we have more links, interference and "colored" channel propagation phenomena (e.g., frequency selective fading).
+The simulator includes an error model of the data plane (i.e., PDSCH and PUSCH) according to the standard link-to-system mapping (LSM) techniques. The choice is aligned with the standard system simulation methodology of OFDMA radio transmission technology. Thanks to LSM we are able to maintain a good level of accuracy and at the same time limiting the computational complexity increase. It is based on the mapping of single link layer performance obtained by means of link level simulators to system (in our case network) simulators. In particular link the layer simulator is used for generating the performance of a single link from a PHY layer perspective, usually in terms of code block error rate (BLER), under specific static conditions. LSM allows the usage of these parameters in more complex scenarios, typical of system/network simulators, where we have more links, interference and "colored" channel propagation phenomena (e.g., frequency selective fading).
To do this the Vienna LTE Simulator [Vienna]_ has been used for what concerns the extraction of link layer performance and the Mutual Information Based Effective SINR (MIESM) as LSM mapping function using part of the work recently published by the Signet Group of University of Padua [PaduaPEM]_.
@@ -1288,9 +1323,21 @@
The model can be disabled for working with a zero-losses channel by setting the ``PemEnabled`` attribute of the ``LteSpectrumPhy`` class (by default is active). This can be done according to the standard ns3 attribute system procedure, that is::
- Config::SetDefault ("ns3::LteSpectrumPhy::PemEnabled", BooleanValue (false));
+ Config::SetDefault ("ns3::LteSpectrumPhy::DataErrorModelEnabled", BooleanValue (false));
+
+Control Channels PHY Error Model
+--------------------------------
+
+The simulator includes the error model for downlink control channels (PCFICH and PDCCH), while in uplink it is assumed and ideal error-free channel. The model is based on the MIESM approach presented before for considering the effects of the frequency selective channel since most of the control channels span the whole available bandwidth.
+PCFICH + PDCCH Error Model
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The model adopted for the error distribution of these channels is based on an evaluation study carried out in the RAN4 of 3GPP, where different vendors investigated the demodulation performance of the PCFICH jointly with PDCCH. This is due to the fact that the PCFICH is the channel in charge of communicating to the UEs the actual dimension of the PDCCH (which spans between 1 and 3 symbols); therefore the correct decodification of the DCIs depends on the correct interpretation of both ones. In 3GPP this problem have been evaluated for improving the cell-edge performance _[FujitsuWhitePaper], where the interference among neighboring cells can be relatively high due to signal degradation. A similar problem has been notices in femto-cell scenario and, more in general, in HetNet scenarios the bottleneck has been detected mainly as the PCFICH channel _[Bharucha2011], where in case of many eNBs are deployed in the same service area, this channel may collide in frequency, making impossible the correct detection of the PDCCH channel, too.
+
+In the simulator, the SINR perceived during the reception has been estimated according to the MIESM model presented above in order to evaluate the error distribution of PCFICH and PDCCH. In detail, the SINR samples of all the RBs are included in the evaluation of the MI associated to the control frame and, according to this values, the effective SINR (eSINR) is obtained by inverting the MI evaluation process. It has to be noted that, in case of MIMO transmission, both PCFICH and the PDCCH use always the transmit diversity mode as defined by the standard. According to the eSINR perceived the decodification error probability can be estimated as function of the results presented in _[R4-081920]. In case an error occur, the DCIs discarded and therefore the UE will be not able to receive the correspondent Tbs, therefore resulting lost.
+
MIMO Model
----------
@@ -1308,54 +1355,6 @@
Therefore the PHY layer implements the MIMO model as the gain perceived by the receiver when using a MIMO scheme respect to the one obtained using SISO one. We note that, these gains referred to a case where there is no correlation between the antennas in MIMO scheme; therefore do not model degradation due to paths correlation.
-.. only:: latex
-
- .. raw:: latex
-
- \clearpage
-
-Reference and Control Signaling
--------------------------------
-
-Considering the granularity of the simulator based on RB, the control and the reference signaling have to be consequently modeled considering this constraint. On this matter, the simulator splits the transmission of the data frame respect to the control one. According to the standard [TS36.211]_, the control frame starts at the beginning of each subframe and lasts up to three symbols. The actual duration is provided by the Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) by means of three different codewords of 32 bits in order to make it enough robust. These 32 bits are mapped to 16 resource elements (RE), a subcarrier per 1 symbol, using QPSK modulation. The information on the allocation are then mapped in the remaining resource up to the duration defined by the PCFICH, in the so called Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). A PDCCH transports a single message called Downlink Control Information (DCI) coming from the MAC layer, where the scheduler indicates the resource allocation for a specific user. Each PDCCH is transmitted in a Control Channel Element (CCE), which is defined as group of nine sets of four REs.
-According to the channel conditions the CCEs allocated can be 1, 2, 4 or 8, which correspond respectively to PDCCH format 0, 1, 2 and 3. Each PDCCH carries one of the possible 10 DCI formats configurations, modeling uplink and downlink assignment messages.
-
-
-
-PCFICH & PDDCH
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The PDCCH is modeled with the transmission of the control frame of a fixed duration of 3/14 of milliseconds spanning in the whole available bandwidth. This implies that a single block transmission models the entire control frame with a fixed power (i.e., the one used for the PDSCH) across all the available RBs. The SINR perceived during the reception of this channel has been estimated according to the MIESM model presented above in order to evaluate the error distribution of PCFICH and PDCCH. In detail, the SINR samples of all the RBs are included in the evaluation of the MI associated to the control frame and, according to this values, the effective SINR is obtained by inverting the MI evaluation process.
-
-The PCFICH error distribution is modeled considering the link level simulation curves of the performance of the PCFICH in AWGN channel presented in [Milos2012]_, by means of look-up tables according to the transmission mode used (e.g., SISO or MIMO) and the SINR evaluated as described before.
-
-While for what concern the PDCCH, the correct reception of all the PDCCHs is modeled with a configurable power threshold on the perceived SINR, where the default value is taken from Section 10.3.3 of [Sesia2009]_ where the performance of the convolutional turbo codes of PDCCH (i.e., with state tailbiting) are presented. This implies that all the DCIs can be correctly decoded only in case of the perceived SINR is above the threshold. In doing this, we are assuming that the DCIs are randomly placed in the control frame and therefore always interfere with the ones of other BSs. According to [Sesia2009]_, the number of bits of the DCIs are at most of 62 bits. Therefore, the default value is taken for a given PDCCH fixed dimension of 62 bits and a considering a rate of :math:`1/3`, which corresponds to 2.4 dB. According to this model, the control frame does not have any limitation in the PDCCHs that can be transmitted. Finally, It has to be noted that, in case of MIMO transmission, the PDCCH uses always the transmit diversity mode according to the standard.
-
-
-Reference Signal
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The Reference Signal (RS) is modeled according to the SINR perceived during the reception of the control frame. This allows of having every TTI an evaluation of the interference scenario since all the eNB are transmitting (simultaneously) the control frame over the respective available bandwidths. We note that, the model does not include the power boosting since it does not reflect any improvement in the implemented model of the channel estimation.
-
-
-PUCCH
-^^^^^
-
-The PUCCH is modeled with an error free channel.
-
-
-Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The SRS is modeled similar to the downlink control frame. The SRS is periodically placed in the last symbol of the subframe; therefore when a SRS signal has to be sent, the data frame will last on the 13th symbol in order to leave space for the SRS, which will be sent in the whole system bandwidth. The SINR can be evaluated according to MIESM model as done for RS. For what concern the periodicity, it can be defined as an integer multiple of TTIs; however we remark that the standard allows the following values: 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 or 320 TTIs.
-
-
-.. only:: latex
-
- .. raw:: latex
-
- \clearpage
-
-----------------------
Channel and Propagation
--- a/src/lte/doc/source/lte-references.rst Fri Jul 06 13:08:22 2012 +0200
+++ b/src/lte/doc/source/lte-references.rst Wed Jul 11 13:01:37 2012 +0200
@@ -72,4 +72,13 @@
.. [Milos2012] J. Milos, "Performace Analysis Of PCFICH LTE Control Channel", Proceedings of the 19th Conference STUDENT EEICT 2012, Brno, CZ, 2012.
+.. [FujitsuWhitePaper] "Enhancing LTE Cell-Edge Performance via PDCCH ICIC".
+
+.. [Bharucha2011] Z. Bharucha, G. Auer, T. Abe, N. Miki, "Femto-to-Macro Control Channel Interference Mitigation via Cell ID Manipulation in LTE," Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), 2011 IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-6, 5-8 Sept. 2011
+
+.. [R4-081920] 3GPP R4-081920 `LTE PDCCH/PCFICH Demodulation Performance Results with Implementation Margin
+ <http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/wg4_radio/TSGR4_48/Documents/R4-081920.zip>`_
+
+
+
--- a/src/lte/doc/source/lte-testing.rst Fri Jul 06 13:08:22 2012 +0200
+++ b/src/lte/doc/source/lte-testing.rst Wed Jul 11 13:01:37 2012 +0200
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@
--------------------
-The test suite ``lte-phy-error-model`` generates nine test cases with single eNB and a various number of UEs, all having the same Radio Bearer specification. Each test is designed for evaluating the error rate perceived by a specific TB size in order to verify that it corresponds to the expected values according to the BLER generated for CB size analog to the TB size. This means that, for instance, the test will check that the performance of a TB of :math:`N` bits is analogous to the one of a a CB size of :math:`N` bits by collecting the performance of a user which has been forced the generation of a such TB size according to the distance to eNB. In order to significantly test the BER at MAC level, we modified the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) module, the ``LteAmc`` class, for making it less robust to channel conditions by adding a configurable BER parameter (called ``Ber`` in the ns3 attribute system) which enable the selection of the desired BER at MAC level when choosing the MCS to be used. In detail, the AMC module has been forced to select the AMC considering a BER of 0.01 (instead of the standard value equal to 0.00005). We note that, these values do not reflect actual BER since they come from an analytical bound which do not consider all the transmission chain aspects; therefore the resulted BER might be different.
+The test suite ``lte-phy-error-model`` generates different test cases for evaluating both data and control error models. For what concern the data, the test consists of nine test cases with single eNB and a various number of UEs, all having the same Radio Bearer specification. Each test is designed for evaluating the error rate perceived by a specific TB size in order to verify that it corresponds to the expected values according to the BLER generated for CB size analog to the TB size. This means that, for instance, the test will check that the performance of a TB of :math:`N` bits is analogous to the one of a a CB size of :math:`N` bits by collecting the performance of a user which has been forced the generation of a such TB size according to the distance to eNB. In order to significantly test the BER at MAC level, we modified the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) module, the ``LteAmc`` class, for making it less robust to channel conditions by adding a configurable BER parameter (called ``Ber`` in the ns3 attribute system) which enable the selection of the desired BER at MAC level when choosing the MCS to be used. In detail, the AMC module has been forced to select the AMC considering a BER of 0.01 (instead of the standard value equal to 0.00005). We note that, these values do not reflect actual BER since they come from an analytical bound which do not consider all the transmission chain aspects; therefore the resulted BER might be different.
The parameters of the nine test cases are reported in the following:
@@ -405,6 +405,14 @@
The test verifies that in each case the expected number of packets received correct corresponds to a Bernoulli distribution with a confidence interval of 95%, where the probability of success in each trail is :math:`1-BER` and :math:`n` is the total number of packet sent.
+The error model of PCFICH-PDDCH channels consists of 4 test cases with a single UE and several eNBs, where the UE is connected to only one eNB in order to have the remaining acting as interfering ones. The errors on data are disabled in order to verify only the ones due to erroneous decodification of PCFICH-PDCCH. The test verifies that the error on the data received respects the decodification error probability of the PCFICH-PDCCH with a tolerance of 0.1 due to the errors that might be produced in quantizing the MI and the error curve. As before, the system has been forced on working in a less conservative fashion in the AMC module for appreciating the results in border situations. The parameters of the 4 tests cases are reported in the following:
+
+ #. 2 eNBs placed 1078 meters far from the UE, which implies a SINR of -2.00 dB and a TB of 217 bits, that in turns produce a BER of 0.007.
+ #. 3 eNBs placed 1078 meters far from the UE, which implies a SINR of -4.00 dB and a TB of 217 bits, that in turns produce a BER of 0.045.
+ #. 4 eNBs placed 1078 meters far from the UE, which implies a SINR of -6.00 dB and a TB of 133 bits, that in turns produce a BER of 0.206.
+ #. 5 eNBs placed 1078 meters far from the UE, which implies a SINR of -7.00 dB and a TB of 81 bits, that in turns produce a BER of 0.343.
+
+
MIMO Model
----------
--- a/src/lte/doc/source/lte-user.rst Fri Jul 06 13:08:22 2012 +0200
+++ b/src/lte/doc/source/lte-user.rst Wed Jul 11 13:01:37 2012 +0200
@@ -438,6 +438,16 @@
This command will go through the lists of all nodes and of all buildings, determine for each user if it is indoor or outdoor, and if indoor it will also determine the building in which the user is located and the corresponding floor and number inside the building.
+PHY Error Model
+---------------
+
+The Physical error model consists of the data error model and the downlink control error model, both of them active by default. It is possible to deactivate them with the ns3 attribute system, in detail::
+
+ Config::SetDefault ("ns3::LteSpectrumPhy::CtrlErrorModelEnabled", BooleanValue (false));
+ Config::SetDefault ("ns3::LteSpectrumPhy::DataErrorModelEnabled", BooleanValue (false));
+
+
+
MIMO Model
----------
