/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */

/*

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 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as

 * published by the Free Software Foundation;

 *

 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

 * GNU General Public License for more details.

 *

 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

 *

 */

//

// This ns-3 example demonstrates the use of helper functions to ease 

// the construction of simulation scenarios.  

// 

// The simulation topology consists of a mixed wired and wireless

// scenario in which a hierarchical mobility model is used.

//

// The simulation layout consists of N backbone routers interconnected

// by an ad hoc wifi network.

// Each backbone router also has a local 802.11 network and is connected

// to a local LAN.  An additional set of (K-1) nodes are connected to

// this backbone.  Finally, a local LAN is connected to each router

// on the backbone, with L-1 additional hosts.  

//

// The nodes are populated with TCP/IP stacks, and OLSR unicast routing

// on the backbone.  An example UDP transfer is shown.  The simulator

// be configured to output tcpdumps or traces from different nodes.

//

//

//          +--------------------------------------------------------+

//          |                                                        |

//          |              802.11 ad hoc, ns-2 mobility              | 

//          |                                                        |

//          +--------------------------------------------------------+

//                   |       o o o (N backbone routers)       |

//               +--------+                               +--------+

//     wired LAN | mobile |                     wired LAN | mobile |

//    -----------| router |                    -----------| router |

//               ---------                                ---------

//                   |                                        |

//          +----------------+                       +----------------+

//          |     802.11     |                       |     802.11     |

//          |   infra net    |                       |   infra net    |

//          |   K-1 hosts    |                       |   K-1 hosts    |

//          +----------------+                       +----------------+

//

// We'll send data from the first wired LAN node on the first wired LAN

// to the last wireless STA on the last infrastructure net, thereby

// causing packets to traverse CSMA to adhoc to infrastructure links

// 

// Note that certain mobility patterns may cause packet forwarding

// to fail (if nodes become disconnected) 

#include <fstream>

#include <string>

#include "ns3/core-module.h"

#include "ns3/common-module.h"

#include "ns3/node-module.h"

#include "ns3/helper-module.h"

#include "ns3/mobility-module.h"

#include "ns3/contrib-module.h"

#include "ns3/wifi-module.h"

#include "ns3/global-route-manager.h"

using namespace ns3;

//

// Define logging keyword for this file

//

NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("MixedWireless");

//

// This function will be used below as a trace sink, if the command-line

// argument or default value "useCourseChangeCallback" is set to true

// 

static void

CourseChangeCallback (std::string path, Ptr<const MobilityModel> model)

{

  Vector position = model->GetPosition ();

  std::cout << "CourseChange " << path << " x=" << position.x << ", y=" << position.y << ", z=" << position.z << std::endl;

}

int 

main (int argc, char *argv[])

{

  //

  // First, we declare and initialize a few local variables that control some 

  // simulation parameters.

  //

  uint32_t backboneNodes = 10;

  uint32_t infraNodes = 5;

  uint32_t lanNodes = 5;

  uint32_t stopTime = 10;

  bool useCourseChangeCallback = false;

  bool enableTracing = false;

  //

  // Simulation defaults are typically set next, before command line

  // arguments are parsed.

  //

  Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::PacketSize", StringValue ("210"));

  Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::DataRate", StringValue ("10kb/s"));

  //

  // For convenience, we add the local variables to the command line argument

  // system so that they can be overridden with flags such as 

  // "--backboneNodes=20"

  //

  CommandLine cmd;

  cmd.AddValue("backboneNodes", "number of backbone nodes", backboneNodes);

  cmd.AddValue ("infraNodes", "number of leaf nodes", infraNodes);

  cmd.AddValue("lanNodes", "number of LAN nodes", lanNodes);

  cmd.AddValue("stopTime", "simulation stop time (seconds)", stopTime);

  cmd.AddValue("useCourseChangeCallback", "whether to enable course change tracing", useCourseChangeCallback);

  cmd.AddValue("enableTracing", "enable tracing", enableTracing);

  //

  // The system global variables and the local values added to the argument

  // system can be overridden by command line arguments by using this call.

  //

  cmd.Parse (argc, argv);

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Construct the backbone                                                //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //

  // Create a container to manage the nodes of the adhoc (backbone) network.

  // Later we'll create the rest of the nodes we'll need.

  //

  NodeContainer backbone;

  backbone.Create (backboneNodes);

  //

  // Create the backbone wifi net devices and install them into the nodes in 

  // our container

  //

  WifiHelper wifi;

  wifi.SetMac ("ns3::AdhocWifiMac");

  wifi.SetRemoteStationManager ("ns3::ConstantRateWifiManager",

                                "DataMode", StringValue ("wifia-54mbs"));

  YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default ();

  YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default ();

  wifiPhy.SetChannel (wifiChannel.Create ());

  NetDeviceContainer backboneDevices = wifi.Install (wifiPhy, backbone);

  //

  // Add the IPv4 protocol stack to the nodes in our container

  //

  InternetStackHelper internet;

  internet.Install (backbone);

  //

  // Assign IPv4 addresses to the device drivers (actually to the associated

  // IPv4 interfaces) we just created.

  //

  Ipv4AddressHelper ipAddrs;

  ipAddrs.SetBase ("192.168.0.0", "255.255.255.0");

  ipAddrs.Assign (backboneDevices);

  //

  // The ad-hoc network nodes need a mobility model so we aggregate one to 

  // each of the nodes we just finished building.  

  //

  MobilityHelper mobility;

  Ptr<ListPositionAllocator> positionAlloc = 

    CreateObject<ListPositionAllocator> ();

  double x = 0.0;

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < backboneNodes; ++i)

    {

      positionAlloc->Add (Vector (x, 0.0, 0.0));

      x += 5.0;

    }

  mobility.SetPositionAllocator (positionAlloc);

  mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::RandomDirection2dMobilityModel",

                             "Bounds", RectangleValue (Rectangle (0, 20, 0, 20)),

                             "Speed", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (2)),

                             "Pause", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (0.2)));

  mobility.Install (backbone);

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Construct the LANs                                                    //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  // Reset the address base-- all of the CSMA networks will be in

  // the "172.16 address space

  ipAddrs.SetBase ("172.16.0.0", "255.255.255.0");

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < backboneNodes; ++i)

    {

      NS_LOG_INFO ("Configuring local area network for backbone node " << i);

      //

      // Create a container to manage the nodes of the LAN.  We need

      // two containers here; one with all of the new nodes, and one

      // with all of the nodes including new and existing nodes

      //

      NodeContainer newLanNodes;

      newLanNodes.Create (lanNodes - 1);

      // Now, create the container with all nodes on this link

      NodeContainer lan (backbone.Get (i), newLanNodes);

      //

      // Create the CSMA net devices and install them into the nodes in our 

      // collection.

      //

      CsmaHelper csma;

      csma.SetChannelAttribute ("DataRate", 

        DataRateValue (DataRate (5000000)));

      csma.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", TimeValue (MilliSeconds (2)));

      NetDeviceContainer lanDevices = csma.Install (lan);

      //

      // Add the IPv4 protocol stack to the new LAN nodes

      //

      internet.Install (newLanNodes);

      //

      // Assign IPv4 addresses to the device drivers (actually to the 

      // associated IPv4 interfaces) we just created.

      //

      ipAddrs.Assign (lanDevices);

      //

      // Assign a new network prefix for the next LAN, according to the

      // network mask initialized above

      //

      ipAddrs.NewNetwork ();

    }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Construct the mobile networks                                         //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  // Reset the address base-- all of the 802.11 networks will be in

  // the "10.0" address space

  ipAddrs.SetBase ("10.0.0.0", "255.255.255.0");

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < backboneNodes; ++i)

    {

      NS_LOG_INFO ("Configuring wireless network for backbone node " << i);

      //

      // Create a container to manage the nodes of the LAN.  We need

      // two containers here; one with all of the new nodes, and one

      // with all of the nodes including new and existing nodes

      //

      NodeContainer stas;

      stas.Create (infraNodes - 1);

      // Now, create the container with all nodes on this link

      NodeContainer infra (backbone.Get (i), stas);

      //

      // Create an infrastructure network

      //

      WifiHelper wifiInfra = WifiHelper::Default ();

      wifiPhy.SetChannel (wifiChannel.Create ());

      // Create unique ssids for these networks

      std::string ssidString("wifi-infra");

      std::stringstream ss;

      ss << i;

      ssidString += ss.str();

      Ssid ssid = Ssid (ssidString);

      wifiInfra.SetRemoteStationManager ("ns3::ArfWifiManager");

      // setup stas

      wifiInfra.SetMac ("ns3::NqstaWifiMac",

               "Ssid", SsidValue (ssid),

               "ActiveProbing", BooleanValue (false));

      NetDeviceContainer staDevices = wifiInfra.Install (wifiPhy, stas);

      // setup ap.

      wifiInfra.SetMac ("ns3::NqapWifiMac", "Ssid", SsidValue (ssid),

               "BeaconGeneration", BooleanValue (true),

               "BeaconInterval", TimeValue (Seconds (2.5)));

      NetDeviceContainer apDevices = wifiInfra.Install (wifiPhy, backbone.Get (i));

      // Collect all of these new devices

      NetDeviceContainer infraDevices (apDevices, staDevices);

      // Add the IPv4 protocol stack to the nodes in our container

      //

      internet.Install (stas);

      //

      // Assign IPv4 addresses to the device drivers (actually to the associated

      // IPv4 interfaces) we just created.

      //

      ipAddrs.Assign (infraDevices);

      //

      // Assign a new network prefix for each mobile network, according to 

      // the network mask initialized above

      //

      ipAddrs.NewNetwork ();

      //

      // The new wireless nodes need a mobility model so we aggregate one 

      // to each of the nodes we just finished building.

      //

      Ptr<ListPositionAllocator> subnetAlloc = 

        CreateObject<ListPositionAllocator> ();

      for (uint32_t j = 0; j < infra.GetN (); ++j)

        {

          subnetAlloc->Add (Vector (0.0, j, 0.0));

        }

      mobility.PushReferenceMobilityModel (backbone.Get (i));

      mobility.SetPositionAllocator (subnetAlloc);

      mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::RandomDirection2dMobilityModel",

                                 "Bounds", RectangleValue (Rectangle (-10, 10, -10, 10)),

                                 "Speed", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (3)),

                                 "Pause", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (0.4)));

      mobility.Install (infra);

    }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Routing configuration                                                 //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  // The below global routing does not take into account wireless effects.

  // However, it is useful for setting default routes for all of the nodes

  // such as the LAN nodes.  

  NS_LOG_INFO ("Enabling global routing on all nodes");

  GlobalRouteManager::PopulateRoutingTables ();

  // We enable OLSR (which will be consulted at a higher priority than

  // the global routing above) on the backbone ad hoc nodes

  NS_LOG_INFO ("Enabling OLSR routing on all backbone nodes");

  OlsrHelper olsr;

  olsr.Install (backbone);

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Application configuration                                             //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  // Create the OnOff application to send UDP datagrams of size

  // 210 bytes at a rate of 10 Kb/s, between two nodes

  // We'll send data from the first wired LAN node on the first wired LAN

  // to the last wireless STA on the last infrastructure net, thereby

  // causing packets to traverse CSMA to adhoc to infrastructure links

  NS_LOG_INFO ("Create Applications.");

  uint16_t port = 9;   // Discard port (RFC 863)

  // Let's make sure that the user does not define too few nodes

  // to make this example work.  We need lanNodes > 1  and infraNodes > 1

  NS_ASSERT (lanNodes > 1 && infraNodes > 1);

  // We want the source to be the first node created outside of the backbone

  // Conveniently, the variable "backboneNodes" holds this node index value

  Ptr<Node> appSource = NodeList::GetNode (backboneNodes);  

  // We want the sink to be the last node created in the topology.  

  uint32_t lastNodeIndex = backboneNodes + backboneNodes*(lanNodes - 1) + backboneNodes*(infraNodes - 1) - 1;

  Ptr<Node> appSink = NodeList::GetNode (lastNodeIndex);  

  // Let's fetch the IP address of the last node, which is on Ipv4Interface 1

  Ipv4Address remoteAddr = appSink->GetObject<Ipv4> ()->GetAddress(1);

  OnOffHelper onoff ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", 

                     Address (InetSocketAddress (remoteAddr, port)));

  onoff.SetAttribute ("OnTime", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (1)));

  onoff.SetAttribute ("OffTime", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (0)));

  ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install (appSource);

  apps.Start (Seconds (3.0));

  apps.Stop (Seconds (20.0));

  // Create a packet sink to receive these packets

  PacketSinkHelper sink ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", 

                         InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), port));

  apps = sink.Install (appSink);

  apps.Start (Seconds (3.0));

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Tracing configuration                                                 //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  NS_LOG_INFO ("Configure Tracing.");

  std::ofstream ascii;

  if (enableTracing == true)

   {

      //

      // Let's set up some ns-2-like ascii traces, using another helper class

      //

      ascii.open ("mixed-wireless.tr");

      YansWifiPhyHelper::EnableAsciiAll (ascii);

      CsmaHelper::EnableAsciiAll (ascii);

      InternetStackHelper::EnableAsciiAll (ascii);

      // Let's do a pcap trace on the application source and sink, ifIndex 0

      // Csma captures in non-promiscuous mode

      CsmaHelper::EnablePcap ("mixed-wireless", appSource->GetId (), 0, false);

      YansWifiPhyHelper::EnablePcap ("mixed-wireless", appSink->GetId (), 0);

      YansWifiPhyHelper::EnablePcap ("mixed-wireless", 9, 2);

      YansWifiPhyHelper::EnablePcap ("mixed-wireless", 9, 0);

    }

  if (useCourseChangeCallback == true)

    {

      Config::Connect ("/NodeList/*/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange", MakeCallback (&CourseChangeCallback));

    }

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  //                                                                       //

  // Run simulation                                                        //

  //                                                                       //

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 

  NS_LOG_INFO ("Run Simulation.");

  Simulator::Stop (Seconds (stopTime));

  Simulator::Run ();    

  Simulator::Destroy ();

}