/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */

 /*

  * Copyright (c) 2008 University of Washington

  *

  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as

  * published by the Free Software Foundation;

  *

  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

  * GNU General Public License for more details.

  *

  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

  */

 #include "emu-net-device.h"

 #include "emu-encode-decode.h"

 #include "ns3/log.h"

 #include "ns3/queue.h"

 #include "ns3/simulator.h"

 #include "ns3/realtime-simulator-impl.h"

 #include "ns3/mac48-address.h"

 #include "ns3/ethernet-header.h"

 #include "ns3/ethernet-trailer.h"

 #include "ns3/llc-snap-header.h"

 #include "ns3/trace-source-accessor.h"

 #include "ns3/pointer.h"

 #include "ns3/channel.h"

 #include "ns3/system-thread.h"

 #include "ns3/string.h"

 #include "ns3/boolean.h"

 #include <sys/wait.h>

 #include <sys/stat.h>

 #include <sys/socket.h>

 #include <sys/un.h>

 #include <sys/ioctl.h>

 #include <net/ethernet.h>

 #include <net/if.h>

 #include <netinet/in.h>

 #include <netpacket/packet.h>

 #include <arpa/inet.h>

 #include <errno.h>

 NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("EmuNetDevice");

 namespace ns3 {

 NS_OBJECT_ENSURE_REGISTERED (EmuNetDevice);

 #define EMU_MAGIC 65867

 TypeId 

 EmuNetDevice::GetTypeId (void)

 {

   static TypeId tid = TypeId ("ns3::EmuNetDevice")

     .SetParent<NetDevice> ()

     .AddConstructor<EmuNetDevice> ()

     .AddAttribute ("Address", 

                    "The ns-3 MAC address of this (virtual) device.",

                    Mac48AddressValue (Mac48Address ("ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff")),

                    MakeMac48AddressAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_address),

                    MakeMac48AddressChecker ())

     .AddAttribute ("DeviceName", 

                    "The name of the underlying real device (e.g. eth1).",

                    StringValue ("eth1"),

                    MakeStringAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_deviceName),

                    MakeStringChecker ())

     .AddAttribute ("Start", 

                    "The simulation time at which to spin up the device thread.",

                    TimeValue (Seconds (0.)),

                    MakeTimeAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_tStart),

                    MakeTimeChecker ())

     .AddAttribute ("Stop", 

                    "The simulation time at which to tear down the device thread.",

                    TimeValue (Seconds (0.)),

                    MakeTimeAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_tStop),

                    MakeTimeChecker ())

     .AddAttribute ("TxQueue", 

                    "A queue to use as the transmit queue in the device.",

                    PointerValue (),

                    MakePointerAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_queue),

                    MakePointerChecker<Queue> ())

     .AddTraceSource ("Rx", 

                      "Trace source to fire on reception of a MAC packet.",

                      MakeTraceSourceAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_rxTrace))

     .AddTraceSource ("Drop", 

                      "Trace source to fire on when a MAC packet is dropped.",

                      MakeTraceSourceAccessor (&EmuNetDevice::m_dropTrace))

     ;

   return tid;

 }

 EmuNetDevice::EmuNetDevice () 

 : 

   m_startEvent (),

   m_stopEvent (),

   m_sock (-1),

   m_readThread (0),

   m_ifIndex (-1),

   m_sll_ifindex (-1),

   m_name ("Emu NetDevice")

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);

   Start (m_tStart);

 }

 EmuNetDevice::~EmuNetDevice ()

 {

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::DoDispose()

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   m_node = 0;

   NetDevice::DoDispose ();

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::Start (Time tStart)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (tStart);

   //

   // Cancel any pending start event and schedule a new one at some relative time in the future.

   //

   Simulator::Cancel (m_startEvent);

   m_startEvent = Simulator::Schedule (tStart, &EmuNetDevice::StartDevice, this);

 }

   void

 EmuNetDevice::Stop (Time tStop)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (tStop);

   //

   // Cancel any pending stop event and schedule a new one at some relative time in the future.

   //

   Simulator::Cancel (m_stopEvent);

   m_startEvent = Simulator::Schedule (tStop, &EmuNetDevice::StopDevice, this);

 }

   void

 EmuNetDevice::StartDevice (void)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   //

   // Spin up the emu net device and start receiving packets.

   //

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (m_sock == -1, "EmuNetDevice::StartDevice(): Device is already started");

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Creating socket");

   //

   // Call out to a separate process running as suid root in order to get a raw 

   // socket.  We do this to avoid having the entire simulation running as root.

   // If this method returns, we'll have a raw socket waiting for us in m_sock.

   //

   CreateSocket ();

   //

   // Figure out which interface index corresponds to the device name in the corresponding attribute.

   //

   struct ifreq ifr;

   bzero (&ifr, sizeof(ifr));

   strncpy ((char *)ifr.ifr_name, m_deviceName.c_str (), IFNAMSIZ);

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Getting interface index");

   int32_t rc = ioctl (m_sock, SIOCGIFINDEX, &ifr);

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (rc != -1, "EmuNetDevice::StartDevice(): Can't get interface index");

   //

   // Save the real interface index for later calls to sendto

   //

   m_sll_ifindex = ifr.ifr_ifindex;

   //

   // Bind the socket to the interface we just found.

   //

   struct sockaddr_ll ll;

   bzero (&ll, sizeof(ll));

   ll.sll_family = AF_PACKET;

   ll.sll_ifindex = m_sll_ifindex;

   ll.sll_protocol = htons(ETH_P_ALL); 

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Binding socket to interface");

   rc = bind (m_sock, (struct sockaddr *)&ll, sizeof (ll));

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (rc != -1, "EmuNetDevice::StartDevice(): Can't bind to specified interface");

   rc = ioctl(m_sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr);

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (rc != -1, "EmuNetDevice::StartDevice(): Can't get interface flags");

   //

   // This device only works if the underlying interface is up in promiscuous 

   // mode.  We could have turned it on in the socket creator, but the situation

   // is that we expect these devices to be used in conjunction with virtual 

   // machines with connected host-only (simulated) networks, or in a testbed.

   // There is a lot of setup and configuration happening outside of this one 

   // issue, and we expect that configuration to include choosing a valid

   // interface (e.g, "ath1"), ensuring that the device supports promiscuous 

   // mode, and placing it in promiscuous mode.  We just make sure of the

   // end result.

   //

   if ((ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_PROMISC) == 0)

     {

       NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::StartDevice(): " << m_deviceName << " is not in promiscuous mode");

     }

   //

   // Now spin up a read thread to read packets.

   //

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (m_readThread == 0, "EmuNetDevice::StartDevice(): Receive thread is already running");

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Spinning up read thread");

   m_readThread = Create<SystemThread> (MakeCallback (&EmuNetDevice::ReadThread, this));

   m_readThread->Start ();

   NotifyLinkUp ();

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket (void)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   //

   // We want to create a raw socket for our net device.  Unfortunately for us

   // you have to have root privileges to do that.  Instead of running the 

   // entire simulation as root, we decided to make a small program who's whole

   // reason for being is to run as suid root and create a raw socket.  We're

   // going to fork and exec that program soon, but we need to have a socket

   // to talk to it with.  So we create a local interprocess (Unix) socket 

   // for that purpose.

   //

   int sock = socket (PF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);

   if (sock == -1)

     {

       NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): Unix socket creation error, errno = " << strerror (errno));

     }

   //

   // Bind to that socket and let the kernel allocate an endpoint

   //

   struct sockaddr_un un;

   memset (&un, 0, sizeof (un));

   un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;

   int status = bind (sock, (struct sockaddr*)&un, sizeof (sa_family_t));

   if (status == -1)

     {

       NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): Could not bind(): errno = " << strerror (errno));

     }

   NS_LOG_INFO ("Created Unix socket");

   NS_LOG_INFO ("sun_family = " << un.sun_family);

   NS_LOG_INFO ("sun_path = " << un.sun_path);

   //

   // We have a socket here, but we want to get it there -- to the program we're

   // going to exec.  What we'll do is to do a getsockname and then encode the

   // resulting address information as a string, and then send the string to the

   // program as an argument.  So we need to get the sock name.

   //

   socklen_t len = sizeof (un);

   status = getsockname (sock, (struct sockaddr*)&un, &len);

   if (status == -1)

     {

       NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): Could not getsockname(): errno = " << strerror (errno));

     }

   //

   // Now encode that socket name (family and path) as a string of hex digits

   //

   std::string path = EmuBufferToString((uint8_t *)&un, len);

   NS_LOG_INFO ("Encoded Unix socket as \"" << path << "\"");

   //

   // Fork and exec the process to create our socket.  If we're us (the parent)

   // we wait for the child (the socket creator) to complete and read the 

   // socket it created using the ancillary data mechanism.

   //

   pid_t pid = ::fork ();

   if (pid == 0)

     {

       NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Child process");

       //

       // build a command line argument from the encoded endpoint string that 

       // the socket creation process will use to figure out how to respond to

       // the (now) parent process.

       //

       std::ostringstream oss;

       oss << "-p" << path;

       NS_LOG_INFO ("Parameters set to \"" << oss.str () << "\"");

       //

       // Execute the socket creation process image.

       //

       status = ::execl (FindCreator ().c_str (), "emu-sock-creator", oss.str ().c_str (), (char *)NULL);

       //

       // If the execl successfully completes, it never returns.  If it returns it failed or the OS is

       // broken.  In either case, we bail.

       //

       NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): Back from execl(), errno = " << ::strerror (errno));

     }

   else

     {

       NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Parent process");

       //

       // We're the process running the emu net device.  We need to wait for the

       // socket creator process to finish its job.

       //

       int st;

       pid_t waited = waitpid (pid, &st, 0);

       if (waited == -1)

 	{

 	  NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): waitpid() fails, errno = " << strerror (errno));

 	}

       NS_ASSERT_MSG (pid == waited, "EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): pid mismatch");

       //

       // Check to see if the socket creator exited normally and then take a 

       // look at the exit code.  If it bailed, so should we.  If it didn't

       // even exit normally, we bail too.

       //

       if (WIFEXITED (st))

 	{

           int exitStatus = WEXITSTATUS (st);

           if (exitStatus != 0)

             {

               NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): socket creator exited normally with status " << exitStatus);

             }

 	}

       else 

 	{

           NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): socket creator exited abnormally");

 	}

       //

       // At this point, the socket creator has run successfully and should 

       // have created our raw socket and sent it back to the socket address

       // we provided.  Our socket should be waiting on the Unix socket.  We've

       // got to do a bunch of grunto work to get at it, though.

       //

       // The struct iovec below is part of a scatter-gather list.  It describes a

       // buffer.  In this case, it describes a buffer (an integer) that will

       // get the data that comes back from the socket creator process.  It will

       // be a magic number that we use as a consistency/sanity check.

       // 

       struct iovec iov;

       uint32_t magic;

       iov.iov_base = &magic;

       iov.iov_len = sizeof(magic);

       //

       // The CMSG macros you'll see below are used to create and access control 

       // messages (which is another name for ancillary data).  The ancillary 

       // data is made up of pairs of struct cmsghdr structures and associated

       // data arrays.

       //

       // First, we're going to allocate a buffer on the stack to receive our 

       // data array (that contains the socket).  Sometimes you'll see this called

       // an "ancillary element" but the msghdr uses the control message termimology

       // so we call it "control."

       //

       size_t msg_size = sizeof(int);

       char control[CMSG_SPACE(msg_size)];

       //

       // There is a msghdr that is used to minimize the number of parameters

       // passed to recvmsg (which we will use to receive our ancillary data).  

       // This structure uses terminology corresponding to control messages, so

       // you'll see msg_control, which is the pointer to the ancillary data and 

       // controllen which is the size of the ancillary data array.

       //

       // So, initialize the message header that describes the ancillary/control

       // data we expect to receive and point it to buffer.

       //

       struct msghdr msg;

       msg.msg_name = 0;

       msg.msg_namelen = 0;

       msg.msg_iov = &iov;

       msg.msg_iovlen = 1;

       msg.msg_control = control;

       msg.msg_controllen = sizeof (control);

       msg.msg_flags = 0;

       //

       // Now we can actually receive the interesting bits from the socket

       // creator process.

       //

       ssize_t bytesRead = recvmsg (sock, &msg, 0);

       if (bytesRead != sizeof(int))

 	{

           NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::CreateSocket(): Wrong byte count from socket creator");

 	}

       //

       // There may be a number of message headers/ancillary data arrays coming in.

       // Let's look for the one with a type SCM_RIGHTS which indicates it' the

       // one we're interested in.

       //

       struct cmsghdr *cmsg;

       for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); cmsg != NULL; cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg)) 

 	{

 	  if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&

 	      cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS)

 	    {

               //

               // This is the type of message we want.  Check to see if the magic 

               // number is correct and then pull out the socket we care about if

               // it matches

               //

               if (magic == EMU_MAGIC)

                 {

                   NS_LOG_INFO ("Got SCM_RIGHTS with correct magic " << magic);

                   int *rawSocket = (int*)CMSG_DATA (cmsg);

                   NS_LOG_INFO ("Got the socket from the socket creator = " << *rawSocket);

                   m_sock = *rawSocket;

                   return;

                 }

               else

                 {

                   NS_LOG_INFO ("Got SCM_RIGHTS, but with bad magic " << magic);                  

                 }

 	    }

 	}

       NS_FATAL_ERROR ("Did not get the raw socket from the socket creator");

     }

 }

 std::string

 EmuNetDevice::FindCreator (void)

 {

   struct stat st;

   std::string debug = "./build/debug/src/devices/emu/emu-sock-creator";

   std::string optimized = "./build/optimized/src/devices/emu/emu-sock-creator";

   if (::stat (debug.c_str (), &st) == 0)

     {

       return debug;

     }

   if (::stat (optimized.c_str (), &st) == 0)

     {

       return optimized;

     }

   NS_FATAL_ERROR ("EmuNetDevice::FindCreator(): Couldn't find creator");

   return ""; // quiet compiler

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::StopDevice (void)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   close (m_sock);

   m_sock = -1;

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (m_readThread != 0, "EmuNetDevice::StopDevice(): Receive thread is not running");

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Joining read thread");

   m_readThread->Join ();

   m_readThread = 0;

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::ForwardUp (uint8_t *buf, uint32_t len)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (buf << len);

   //

   // Create a packet out of the buffer we received and free that buffer.

   //

   Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> (reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *> (buf), len);

   free (buf);

   buf = 0;

   //

   // Trace sinks will expect complete packets, not packets without some of the

   // headers.

   //

   Ptr<Packet> originalPacket = packet->Copy ();

   //

   // Checksum the packet

   //

   EthernetTrailer trailer;

   packet->RemoveTrailer (trailer);

   trailer.CheckFcs (packet);

   EthernetHeader header (false);

   packet->RemoveHeader (header);

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Pkt source is " << header.GetSource ());

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Pkt destination is " << header.GetDestination ());

   LlcSnapHeader llc;

   packet->RemoveHeader (llc);

   uint16_t protocol = llc.GetType ();

   PacketType packetType;

   if (header.GetDestination ().IsBroadcast ())

     {

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Pkt destination is PACKET_BROADCAST");

       packetType = NS3_PACKET_BROADCAST;

     }

   else if (header.GetDestination ().IsMulticast ())

     {

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Pkt destination is PACKET_MULTICAST");

       packetType = NS3_PACKET_MULTICAST;

     }

   else if (header.GetDestination () == m_address)

     {

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Pkt destination is PACKET_HOST");

       packetType = NS3_PACKET_HOST;

     }

   else

     {

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Pkt destination is PACKET_OTHERHOST");

       packetType = NS3_PACKET_OTHERHOST;

     }

   if (!m_promiscRxCallback.IsNull ())

     {

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("calling m_promiscRxCallback");

       m_promiscRxCallback (this, packet->Copy (), protocol, header.GetSource (), header.GetDestination (), packetType);

     }

   if (packetType != NS3_PACKET_OTHERHOST)

     {

       m_rxTrace (originalPacket);

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("calling m_rxCallback");

       m_rxCallback (this, packet, protocol, header.GetSource ());

     }

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::ReadThread (void)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   //

   // It's important to remember that we're in a completely different thread than the simulator is running in.  We

   // need to synchronize with that other thread to get the packet up into ns-3.  What we will need to do is to schedule 

   // a method to forward up the packet using the multithreaded simulator we are most certainly running.  However, I just 

   // said it -- we are talking about two threads here, so it is very, very dangerous to do any kind of reference couning

   // on a shared object.  Just don't do it.  So what we're going to do is to allocate a buffer on the heap and pass that

   // buffer into the ns-3 context thread where it will create the packet.

   //

   int32_t len = -1;

   struct sockaddr_ll addr;

   socklen_t addrSize = sizeof (addr);

   for (;;) 

     {

       uint32_t bufferSize = 65536;

       uint8_t *buf = (uint8_t *)malloc (bufferSize);

       NS_ASSERT_MSG (buf, "EmuNetDevice::ReadThread(): malloc packet buffer failed");

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Calling recvfrom");

       len = recvfrom (m_sock, buf, bufferSize, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, &addrSize);

       if (len == -1)

         {

           free (buf);

           buf = 0;

           return;

         }

       NS_LOG_INFO ("EmuNetDevice::ReadThread(): Received packet");

       NS_LOG_INFO ("EmuNetDevice::ReadThread(): Scheduling handler");

       DynamicCast<RealtimeSimulatorImpl> (Simulator::GetImplementation ())->ScheduleRealtimeNow (

         MakeEvent (&EmuNetDevice::ForwardUp, this, buf, len));

       buf = 0;

     }

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::Send (Ptr<Packet> packet, const Address &dest, uint16_t protocolNumber)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (packet << dest << protocolNumber);

   //

   // The immediate questions here are how are we going to encapsulate packets and what do we use as the MAC source and 

   // destination (hardware) addresses?

   //

   // If we return false from EmuNetDevice::NeedsArp, the ArpIpv4Interface will pass the broadcast address as the 

   // hardware (Ethernet) destination by default.  If we return true from EmuNetDevice::NeedsArp, then the hardware

   // destination is actually meaningful, but we'll have an ns-3 ARP running on this device.  There can also be an ARP

   // running on the underlying OS so we have to be very careful, both about multiple ARPs and also about TCP, UDP, etc.

   //

   // We are operating in promiscuous mode on the receive side (all ns-3 net devices are required to implement the 

   // promiscuous callback in a meaningful way), so we have an option regarding the hardware addresses.  We don't actually have

   // to use the real hardware addresses and IP addresses of the underlying system.  We can completely use MAC-spoofing to

   // fake out the OS by using the ns-3 assigned MAC address (and also the ns-3 assigned IP addresses).  Ns-3 starts its 

   // MAC address allocation using the OUI (vendor-code) 00:00:00 which is unassigned to any organization and is a globally

   // administered address, so there shouldn't be any collisions with real hardware.

   //

   // So what we do is we return true from EmuNetDevice::NeedsArp which tells ns-3 to use its own ARP.  We spoof the 

   // MAC address of the device and use promiscuous mode to receive traffic destined to that address.

   //

   return SendFrom (packet, m_address, dest, protocolNumber);

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::SendFrom (Ptr<Packet> packet, const Address &src, const Address &dest, uint16_t protocolNumber)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (packet << src << dest << protocolNumber);

   if (IsLinkUp () == false)

     {

       NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Link is down, returning");

       return false;

     }

   Mac48Address destination = Mac48Address::ConvertFrom (dest);

   Mac48Address source = Mac48Address::ConvertFrom (src);

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Transmit packet with UID " << packet->GetUid ());

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Transmit packet from " << source);

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Transmit packet to " << destination);

 #if 0

   {

     struct ifreq ifr;

     bzero (&ifr, sizeof(ifr));

     strncpy ((char *)ifr.ifr_name, m_deviceName.c_str (), IFNAMSIZ);

     NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Getting MAC address");

     int32_t rc = ioctl (m_sock, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr);

     NS_ASSERT_MSG (rc != -1, "EmuNetDevice::SendFrom(): Can't get MAC address");

     std::ostringstream oss;

     oss << std::hex <<

       (ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data[0] & 0xff) << ":" <<

       (ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data[1] & 0xff) << ":" <<

       (ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data[2] & 0xff) << ":" <<

       (ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data[3] & 0xff) << ":" <<

       (ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data[4] & 0xff) << ":" <<

       (ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data[5] & 0xff) << std::dec;

     NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Fixup source to HW MAC " << oss.str ());

     source = Mac48Address (oss.str ().c_str ());

     NS_LOG_LOGIC ("source now " << source);

   }

 #endif

   LlcSnapHeader llc;

   llc.SetType (protocolNumber);

   packet->AddHeader (llc);

   EthernetHeader header (false);

   header.SetSource (source);

   header.SetDestination (destination);

   header.SetLengthType (packet->GetSize ());

   packet->AddHeader (header);

   EthernetTrailer trailer;

   trailer.CalcFcs (packet);

   packet->AddTrailer (trailer);

   // 

   // Enqueue and dequeue the packet to hit the tracing hooks.

   //

   m_queue->Enqueue (packet);

   packet = m_queue->Dequeue ();

   struct sockaddr_ll ll;

   bzero (&ll, sizeof (ll));

   ll.sll_family = AF_PACKET;

   ll.sll_ifindex = m_sll_ifindex;

   ll.sll_protocol = htons(ETH_P_ALL); 

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("calling sendto");

   int32_t rc;

   rc = sendto (m_sock, packet->PeekData (), packet->GetSize (), 0, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr *> (&ll), sizeof (ll));

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("sendto returns " << rc);

   return rc == -1 ? false : true;

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetDataRate(DataRate bps)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << bps);

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (false, "EmuNetDevice::SetDataRate():  Unable."); 

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::SetQueue (Ptr<Queue> q)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << q);

   m_queue = q;

 }

 Ptr<Queue> 

 EmuNetDevice::GetQueue(void) const 

 { 

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   return m_queue;

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::NotifyLinkUp (void)

 {

   m_linkUp = true;

   if (!m_linkChangeCallback.IsNull ())

     {

       m_linkChangeCallback ();

     }

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetName(const std::string name)

 {

   m_name = name;

 }

 std::string 

 EmuNetDevice::GetName(void) const

 {

   return m_name;

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetIfIndex(const uint32_t index)

 {

   m_ifIndex = index;

 }

 uint32_t 

 EmuNetDevice::GetIfIndex(void) const

 {

   return m_ifIndex;

 }

 Ptr<Channel> 

 EmuNetDevice::GetChannel (void) const

 {

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (false, "EmuNetDevice::GetChannel():  Unable."); 

   return 0;

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetAddress (Mac48Address addr)

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (addr);

   m_address = addr;

 }

 Address 

 EmuNetDevice::GetAddress (void) const

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   return m_address;

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::SetMtu (const uint16_t mtu)

 {

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (false, "EmuNetDevice::SetMtu():  Unable."); 

   return false;

 }

 uint16_t 

 EmuNetDevice::GetMtu (void) const

 {

   struct ifreq ifr;

   bzero (&ifr, sizeof (ifr));

   strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, m_deviceName.c_str ());

   int32_t fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP);

   int32_t rc = ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr);

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (rc != -1, "EmuNetDevice::GetMtu(): Can't ioctl SIOCGIFMTU");

   close (fd);

   return ifr.ifr_mtu;

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::IsLinkUp (void) const

 {

   return m_linkUp;

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetLinkChangeCallback (Callback<void> callback)

 {

   m_linkChangeCallback = callback;

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::IsBroadcast (void) const

 {

   return true;

 }

 Address

 EmuNetDevice::GetBroadcast (void) const

 {

   return Mac48Address ("ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff");

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::IsMulticast (void) const

 {

   return false;

 }

   Address 

 EmuNetDevice::GetMulticast (Ipv4Address multicastGroup) const

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION (multicastGroup);

   Mac48Address ad = Mac48Address::GetMulticast (multicastGroup);

   //

   // Implicit conversion (operator Address ()) is defined for Mac48Address, so

   // use it by just returning the EUI-48 address which is automagically converted

   // to an Address.

   //

   NS_LOG_LOGIC ("multicast address is " << ad);

   return ad;

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::IsPointToPoint (void) const

 {

   return false;

 }

 void

 EmuNetDevice::SetPromiscReceiveCallback (PromiscReceiveCallback cb)

 {

   NS_ASSERT_MSG (false, "EmuNetDevice::SetPromiscReceiveCallback(): Not implemented");

 }

   bool 

 EmuNetDevice::SupportsSendFrom () const

 {

   NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

   return true;

 }

 Ptr<Node> 

 EmuNetDevice::GetNode (void) const

 {

   return m_node;

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetNode (Ptr<Node> node)

 {

   m_node = node;

 }

 bool 

 EmuNetDevice::NeedsArp (void) const

 {

   return true;

 }

 void 

 EmuNetDevice::SetReceiveCallback (NetDevice::ReceiveCallback cb)

 {

   m_rxCallback = cb;

 }

 } // namespace ns3